Cellular Respiration

• Produces CO2 and ATP

Glycolysis

• Does not require oxygen
• Happens in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
• Glucose as input
• Makes ATP
  • C6 -> 2C3 (costs 2 ATP)
  • C3 + NAD+ + ADP -> Pyruvate + NADH + 2ATP
    • Process happens for each C3, total 4ATP
  • Net gain: 2 ATP

Anaerobic

• Total of 4 ATP

Fermentation

• Produces 2 ATP
• Lactic acid fermentation
  • 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 NADH -> 2 Lactic Acid + 2 NAD+
• Ethanol fermentation
  • Yeast, etc.

Aerobic

• Produces 36 to 38 ATP

Krebs Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle)

• In mitochondria
• Produces 2 ATP and electron carriers — 8 NADH, 2 FADH2
• Two turns needed (since pyruvic acid split into two)

1. Pyruvic acid split apart, combined with CoA
   • Produces acetyl-CoA
2. Acetyl-CoA combines with OAA
   • Produces citric acid (6-carbon)
3. Citric acid releases energy
   • Energy captured by ATP, NADH, and FADH2
   • CO2 released as waste product

Electron transport chain

• Intermembrane space with high H+ concentration
• Matrix with low H+ concentration
• Transfer energy from the electron carriers to more ATP molecules
• H+ goes through ATP synthase (from intermembrane to matrix) to produce ATP from ADP + P
• NADH and FADH2 used
• Recycles electron carriers to be refilled in Krebs Cycle

Photosynthesis

Calvin Cycle

• Stroma
• Dark reactions
• Produces sugars from CO2
• Uses NADPH and ATP produced by light-dependent reactions
  • NADPH electron donor

Light-dependent reactions

• Thylakoids
• Produces water, oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
• ADP to ATP
• NADP+ to NADPH
  • NADP+ electron acceptor

Photophosphorylation

• Produces ATP
• Uses ADP and phosphate
• Generates through proton-motive force
• During light reactions