Qing Dynasty consolidated power through the Civil Service Exam

• The Qing Dynasty was set up by the Manchu people who were foreigners to China
• To consolidate power, the leader and people would have to think the same

Ottomans used the Devshirme system

• Enslaved poor Christian boys from Southern Europe and the Balkans
• Received thorough education
• Became bureaucratic workers or served in the military (Janissaries)

Ottomans used Tax Farming

• Tax farmers were sent by the government to collect taxes for them

Aztecs used the Tribute System

• Conquered lands were required to pay for the privilege of being conquered
• Consolidated a decentralized power
• Tribute lists

Mughal Empire appointed a group of bureaucrats known as Zamindars

• Collected taxes based on land holdings

Islamic emperors took on the title of Caliph

• Protestant Reformation challenged the Catholic Church
• Each state had to choose to be either Protestant or Catholic

Monumental architecture

• Mughal Empire's Taj Mahal
• France's Palace of Versailles